.R .Rdata
*.Rmd
R gibt es für viele Betriebssysteme, es ist ein Multi-Plattform Programm. Daher muss es für alle Zielplattformen Möglichkeiten geben, betriebssystemspezifische Angaben zu machen. Die häufigste Angabe sind hierbei wohl Angaben zu Datei- und Verzeichnispfade, die für den korrekten Zugriff auf Dateien und Verzeichnisse essenziell sind. Leider sind die syntaktischen Regeln in den unterschiedlichen Betriebssystemen (Unix, Mac-OS-X, Windows) verschieden. Innerhalb von R ist der Zugriff auf Pfade so einheitlich wie möglich und möglichst unabhängig vom Betriebssystem.
Pfade unter Unix und Mac-OS: Die einzelnen Pfad-Komponenten werden durch ‘/’ voneinander getrennt. Nach dem Anmelden am System befindet man sich normalerweise in seinem persönlichen Verzeichnis. Angenommen, der aktuelle Benutzername ist im Folgenden ‘psycho’. Dort liegt auch das voreingestellte R-Arbeitsverzeichnis. Bei Linux findet sich das normalerweise unter /home/psycho. Unter Mac OS-X ist das /Users/psycho Unter Windows ist das der sog. Benutzerordner auf dem Systemlaufwerk, meist C:. Bei Windows 7 wäre das dann auf vielen Systemen C:\Users\psycho. Im GöNet gelten für die studentischen Benutzer andere Konventionen.
Bei Pfadangaben in R wird der ‘/’ als Trenner zwischen den Pfadkomponenten genutzt, also auch unter Windows. Eine R-Pfadangabe zum Setzen des Arbeitsverzeichnisses für das Windows-Verzeichnis C:\Users\psycho\Desktop würde beispielsweise unter Windows gesetzt mit setwd("C:/Users/psycho/Desktop"). Alternativ können unter Windows auch Escape-Sequenzen in Pfaden benutzt werden. C:\Users\psycho\Desktop würde dann mit des Arbeitsverzeichnisses mit dem Kommando setwd("C:\\Users\\psycho\\Desktop") zum Arbeitsverzeichnis.
Teilweise sind die Systemvariablen wertvolle Helfer, zum Beispiel um unabhängig vom Betriebssystem arbeiten zu können. Auf die einzelnen Variablen kann man direkt zugreifen.
# what are the system environment names
names(Sys.getenv())## [1] "__CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING" "CLICOLOR_FORCE"
## [3] "DISPLAY" "DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH"
## [5] "EDITOR" "GIT_ASKPASS"
## [7] "HOME" "LANG"
## [9] "LC_CTYPE" "LN_S"
## [11] "LOGNAME" "MAKE"
## [13] "MPLENGINE" "NOT_CRAN"
## [15] "PAGER" "PATH"
## [17] "PWD" "R_ARCH"
## [19] "R_BROWSER" "R_BZIPCMD"
## [21] "R_DOC_DIR" "R_GZIPCMD"
## [23] "R_HOME" "R_INCLUDE_DIR"
## [25] "R_LIBS" "R_LIBS_SITE"
## [27] "R_LIBS_USER" "R_PAPERSIZE"
## [29] "R_PAPERSIZE_USER" "R_PDFVIEWER"
## [31] "R_PLATFORM" "R_PRINTCMD"
## [33] "R_QPDF" "R_RD4PDF"
## [35] "R_SESSION_TMPDIR" "R_SHARE_DIR"
## [37] "R_STRIP_SHARED_LIB" "R_STRIP_STATIC_LIB"
## [39] "R_SYSTEM_ABI" "R_TEXI2DVICMD"
## [41] "R_UNZIPCMD" "R_ZIPCMD"
## [43] "RMARKDOWN_MATHJAX_PATH" "RMARKDOWN_PREVIEW_DIR"
## [45] "RS_PPM_FD_READ" "RS_PPM_FD_WRITE"
## [47] "RS_RPOSTBACK_PATH" "RS_SHARED_SECRET"
## [49] "RSTUDIO" "RSTUDIO_CONSOLE_COLOR"
## [51] "RSTUDIO_CONSOLE_WIDTH" "RSTUDIO_PANDOC"
## [53] "RSTUDIO_SESSION_PORT" "RSTUDIO_USER_IDENTITY"
## [55] "RSTUDIO_VERSION" "RSTUDIO_WINUTILS"
## [57] "SED" "SHELL"
## [59] "SHLVL" "SSH_ASKPASS"
## [61] "SSH_AUTH_SOCK" "TAR"
## [63] "TERM" "TMPDIR"
## [65] "USER" "XPC_FLAGS"
## [67] "XPC_SERVICE_NAME"# what is the path, R is running from
Sys.getenv("R_HOME")## [1] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources"# where is the users home directory
Sys.getenv("HOME")## [1] "/Users/pzezula"# in windows sometimes it's better to use HOMEPATH
Sys.getenv("HOMEPATH")## [1] ""# OS independency via if, here using a variable, that may not esist and check string length
if (nchar(Sys.getenv("HOMEPATH")) > 1) home_dir <- Sys.getenv("HOMEPATH") else home_dir <- Sys.getenv("HOME")
home_dir## [1] "/Users/pzezula"# alternative: get os directly
print(paste("OS: ", Sys.info()['sysname']))## [1] "OS: Darwin"if (Sys.info()['sysname'] == 'Windows') home_dir <- Sys.getenv("HOMEPATH") else home_dir <- Sys.getenv("HOME")
home_dir## [1] "/Users/pzezula"Das Arbeitsverzeichnis (working directory) ist die Stelle, auf die sich alle Operationen, wie Dateien suchen, Ergebnisse speichern etc. bezieht. Das Arbeitsverzeichnis gilt als Ausgangs- und Zielpunkt, wenn für Dateioperationen keine explizite Angabe von Pfaden erfolgt. Die Syntax, wie Dateinamen und -pfade angegeben werden, ist in den verschiedenen Betriebssystemen unterschiedlich. In manchen Betriebssystemen wird bei Datei- und Pfad-Namen zwischen Groß- und Kleinschreibung unterschieden (Mac-OS, Unix, Linux), unter Windows nicht.
Windows Beispiel: "C:/cvswork/data"`` Mac Beispiel:“/Users/pzezula/Desktop/R/data”```
Einiges, z. B. das Knit von Rmd-Dateien funktioniert nur, wenn als Working Directory das persönliche Laufwerk P oder ein Unterverzeichnis dort eingestellt ist. setwd("P:/")
Da dort beispielsweise der eigene Desktop nicht eingeblendet wird, ist es auch keine gute Idee, dort Dateien abzulegen, die mit R zu tun haben.
# where am I, what is the current working directory?
getwd()## [1] "/Users/pzezula/ownCloud/lehre_ss_2020/unit/basics"# examples of setwd() commands here are commented out, because they would have side effects
# I want to set "C:/cvswork/data" as working directory
#setwd("C:/cvswork/data")
# setting working directory R in home directory of user zezula on a mac
# setwd("/Users/zezula/R")
# set working directory R to personal directory in Goenet beeing a student user
# setwd("R:/")Manchmal braucht man bei einer vollständigen Dateiangabe nur den Pfad oder nur den eigentlichen Dateinamen.
# splitting file name from path might be useful sometimes.
basename("/Users/pzezula/lehre/lehre_ss_2014/current/gar.R")## [1] "gar.R"dirname("/Users/pzezula/lehre/lehre_ss_2014/current/gar.R")## [1] "/Users/pzezula/lehre/lehre_ss_2014/current"Hilfe zu einzelnen Befehlen mit ?befehl oder ??befehl in der Konsole
Die Homepage von R ist ein guter Startpunkt für Hilfe. Dort gibt es einen Bereich Suche, der auf R-spezifische Suchmaschinen und -systeme verweist. Hier findet sich dann z. B. auch Rseek
require(ggplot2)## Loading required package: ggplot2# get a list of all currently available geoms
geoms <- help.search("geom_", package="ggplot2")
# show name and title of the first 5 geoms
geoms$matches[1:5, 1:2]## Topic Title
## 1 geom_abline Reference lines: horizontal, vertical, and diagonal
## 2 geom_abline Reference lines: horizontal, vertical, and diagonal
## 3 geom_abline Reference lines: horizontal, vertical, and diagonal
## 4 geom_bar Bar charts
## 5 geom_bar Bar charts# which arguments can b used in a specific geom, here for geom_boxplot
args(geom_boxplot)## function (mapping = NULL, data = NULL, stat = "boxplot", position = "dodge2",
## ..., outlier.colour = NULL, outlier.color = NULL, outlier.fill = NULL,
## outlier.shape = 19, outlier.size = 1.5, outlier.stroke = 0.5,
## outlier.alpha = NULL, notch = FALSE, notchwidth = 0.5, varwidth = FALSE,
## na.rm = FALSE, orientation = NA, show.legend = NA, inherit.aes = TRUE)
## NULLPakete werden mit dem Befehl install.packages("NameDesPakets") installiert. Sollen R-Pakete für alle Benutzer installiert werden, sind Admin-Rechte auf dem Rechner notwendig. Ansonsten können Pakete auch im Benutzerkontext installiert und benutzt werden.
Es können mehrere Pakete auf einen Schlag installiert werden: install.packages(c('psych', 'ez', 'car'))
# load installed package
library("psych")##
## Attaching package: 'psych'## The following objects are masked from 'package:ggplot2':
##
## %+%, alpha# if already loaded, do nothing, else load package
# quotes are optional
require(psych)
require("psych")
# what are the data currently available?
data()
# then use package commands
describe(mtcars)## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## mpg 1 32 20.09 6.03 19.20 19.70 5.41 10.40 33.90 23.50 0.61
## cyl 2 32 6.19 1.79 6.00 6.23 2.97 4.00 8.00 4.00 -0.17
## disp 3 32 230.72 123.94 196.30 222.52 140.48 71.10 472.00 400.90 0.38
## hp 4 32 146.69 68.56 123.00 141.19 77.10 52.00 335.00 283.00 0.73
## drat 5 32 3.60 0.53 3.70 3.58 0.70 2.76 4.93 2.17 0.27
## wt 6 32 3.22 0.98 3.33 3.15 0.77 1.51 5.42 3.91 0.42
## qsec 7 32 17.85 1.79 17.71 17.83 1.42 14.50 22.90 8.40 0.37
## vs 8 32 0.44 0.50 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.24
## am 9 32 0.41 0.50 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.36
## gear 10 32 3.69 0.74 4.00 3.62 1.48 3.00 5.00 2.00 0.53
## carb 11 32 2.81 1.62 2.00 2.65 1.48 1.00 8.00 7.00 1.05
## kurtosis se
## mpg -0.37 1.07
## cyl -1.76 0.32
## disp -1.21 21.91
## hp -0.14 12.12
## drat -0.71 0.09
## wt -0.02 0.17
## qsec 0.34 0.32
## vs -2.00 0.09
## am -1.92 0.09
## gear -1.07 0.13
## carb 1.26 0.29# in case of namespace conflicts, call a package's command explicitly by prefixing the command with package name and '::'
psych::describe(mtcars)## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## mpg 1 32 20.09 6.03 19.20 19.70 5.41 10.40 33.90 23.50 0.61
## cyl 2 32 6.19 1.79 6.00 6.23 2.97 4.00 8.00 4.00 -0.17
## disp 3 32 230.72 123.94 196.30 222.52 140.48 71.10 472.00 400.90 0.38
## hp 4 32 146.69 68.56 123.00 141.19 77.10 52.00 335.00 283.00 0.73
## drat 5 32 3.60 0.53 3.70 3.58 0.70 2.76 4.93 2.17 0.27
## wt 6 32 3.22 0.98 3.33 3.15 0.77 1.51 5.42 3.91 0.42
## qsec 7 32 17.85 1.79 17.71 17.83 1.42 14.50 22.90 8.40 0.37
## vs 8 32 0.44 0.50 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.24
## am 9 32 0.41 0.50 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.36
## gear 10 32 3.69 0.74 4.00 3.62 1.48 3.00 5.00 2.00 0.53
## carb 11 32 2.81 1.62 2.00 2.65 1.48 1.00 8.00 7.00 1.05
## kurtosis se
## mpg -0.37 1.07
## cyl -1.76 0.32
## disp -1.21 21.91
## hp -0.14 12.12
## drat -0.71 0.09
## wt -0.02 0.17
## qsec 0.34 0.32
## vs -2.00 0.09
## am -1.92 0.09
## gear -1.07 0.13
## carb 1.26 0.29# packages have help included
help("psych")Liste aller installierten Pakete ausgeben
# get a list of all packages installed
installed.packages()## Package
## askpass "askpass"
## assertthat "assertthat"
## backports "backports"
## base "base"
## base64enc "base64enc"
## BH "BH"
## bookdown "bookdown"
## boot "boot"
## broom "broom"
## callr "callr"
## cellranger "cellranger"
## class "class"
## cli "cli"
## clipr "clipr"
## cluster "cluster"
## codetools "codetools"
## colorspace "colorspace"
## compiler "compiler"
## crayon "crayon"
## curl "curl"
## datasets "datasets"
## DBI "DBI"
## dbplyr "dbplyr"
## desc "desc"
## digest "digest"
## dplyr "dplyr"
## ellipsis "ellipsis"
## evaluate "evaluate"
## fansi "fansi"
## farver "farver"
## forcats "forcats"
## foreign "foreign"
## fs "fs"
## generics "generics"
## ggplot2 "ggplot2"
## glue "glue"
## graphics "graphics"
## grDevices "grDevices"
## grid "grid"
## gtable "gtable"
## haven "haven"
## highr "highr"
## hms "hms"
## htmltools "htmltools"
## httr "httr"
## isoband "isoband"
## jsonlite "jsonlite"
## KernSmooth "KernSmooth"
## knitr "knitr"
## labeling "labeling"
## lattice "lattice"
## lifecycle "lifecycle"
## lubridate "lubridate"
## magrittr "magrittr"
## markdown "markdown"
## MASS "MASS"
## Matrix "Matrix"
## methods "methods"
## mgcv "mgcv"
## mime "mime"
## mnormt "mnormt"
## modelr "modelr"
## munsell "munsell"
## nlme "nlme"
## nnet "nnet"
## openssl "openssl"
## parallel "parallel"
## pillar "pillar"
## pkgbuild "pkgbuild"
## pkgconfig "pkgconfig"
## pkgload "pkgload"
## plogr "plogr"
## plyr "plyr"
## praise "praise"
## prettyunits "prettyunits"
## processx "processx"
## progress "progress"
## ps "ps"
## psych "psych"
## purrr "purrr"
## R6 "R6"
## RColorBrewer "RColorBrewer"
## Rcpp "Rcpp"
## readr "readr"
## readxl "readxl"
## rematch "rematch"
## reprex "reprex"
## reshape2 "reshape2"
## rlang "rlang"
## rmarkdown "rmarkdown"
## rpart "rpart"
## rprojroot "rprojroot"
## rstudioapi "rstudioapi"
## rvest "rvest"
## scales "scales"
## selectr "selectr"
## spatial "spatial"
## splines "splines"
## stats "stats"
## stats4 "stats4"
## stringi "stringi"
## stringr "stringr"
## survival "survival"
## sys "sys"
## tcltk "tcltk"
## testthat "testthat"
## tibble "tibble"
## tidyr "tidyr"
## tidyselect "tidyselect"
## tidyverse "tidyverse"
## tinytex "tinytex"
## tools "tools"
## utf8 "utf8"
## utils "utils"
## vctrs "vctrs"
## viridisLite "viridisLite"
## whisker "whisker"
## withr "withr"
## xfun "xfun"
## xml2 "xml2"
## yaml "yaml"
## LibPath
## askpass "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## assertthat "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## backports "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## base "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## base64enc "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## BH "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## bookdown "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## boot "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## broom "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## callr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## cellranger "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## class "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## cli "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## clipr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## cluster "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## codetools "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## colorspace "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## compiler "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## crayon "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## curl "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## datasets "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## DBI "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## dbplyr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## desc "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## digest "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## dplyr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## ellipsis "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## evaluate "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## fansi "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## farver "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## forcats "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## foreign "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## fs "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## generics "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## ggplot2 "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## glue "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## graphics "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## grDevices "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## grid "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## gtable "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## haven "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## highr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## hms "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## htmltools "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## httr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## isoband "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## jsonlite "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## KernSmooth "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## knitr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## labeling "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## lattice "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## lifecycle "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## lubridate "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## magrittr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## markdown "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## MASS "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## Matrix "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## methods "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## mgcv "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## mime "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## mnormt "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## modelr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## munsell "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## nlme "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## nnet "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## openssl "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## parallel "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## pillar "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## pkgbuild "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## pkgconfig "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## pkgload "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## plogr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## plyr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## praise "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## prettyunits "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## processx "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## progress "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## ps "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## psych "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## purrr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## R6 "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## RColorBrewer "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## Rcpp "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## readr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## readxl "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## rematch "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## reprex "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## reshape2 "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## rlang "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## rmarkdown "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## rpart "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## rprojroot "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## rstudioapi "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## rvest "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## scales "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## selectr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## spatial "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## splines "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## stats "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## stats4 "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## stringi "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## stringr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## survival "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## sys "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## tcltk "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## testthat "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## tibble "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## tidyr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## tidyselect "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## tidyverse "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## tinytex "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## tools "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## utf8 "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## utils "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## vctrs "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## viridisLite "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## whisker "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## withr "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## xfun "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## xml2 "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## yaml "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library"
## Version Priority
## askpass "1.1" NA
## assertthat "0.2.1" NA
## backports "1.1.6" NA
## base "3.6.3" "base"
## base64enc "0.1-3" NA
## BH "1.72.0-3" NA
## bookdown "0.18" NA
## boot "1.3-24" "recommended"
## broom "0.5.5" NA
## callr "3.4.3" NA
## cellranger "1.1.0" NA
## class "7.3-15" "recommended"
## cli "2.0.2" NA
## clipr "0.7.0" NA
## cluster "2.1.0" "recommended"
## codetools "0.2-16" "recommended"
## colorspace "1.4-1" NA
## compiler "3.6.3" "base"
## crayon "1.3.4" NA
## curl "4.3" NA
## datasets "3.6.3" "base"
## DBI "1.1.0" NA
## dbplyr "1.4.2" NA
## desc "1.2.0" NA
## digest "0.6.25" NA
## dplyr "0.8.5" NA
## ellipsis "0.3.0" NA
## evaluate "0.14" NA
## fansi "0.4.1" NA
## farver "2.0.3" NA
## forcats "0.5.0" NA
## foreign "0.8-75" "recommended"
## fs "1.4.1" NA
## generics "0.0.2" NA
## ggplot2 "3.3.0" NA
## glue "1.4.0" NA
## graphics "3.6.3" "base"
## grDevices "3.6.3" "base"
## grid "3.6.3" "base"
## gtable "0.3.0" NA
## haven "2.2.0" NA
## highr "0.8" NA
## hms "0.5.3" NA
## htmltools "0.4.0" NA
## httr "1.4.1" NA
## isoband "0.2.0" NA
## jsonlite "1.6.1" NA
## KernSmooth "2.23-16" "recommended"
## knitr "1.28" NA
## labeling "0.3" NA
## lattice "0.20-38" "recommended"
## lifecycle "0.2.0" NA
## lubridate "1.7.4" NA
## magrittr "1.5" NA
## markdown "1.1" NA
## MASS "7.3-51.5" "recommended"
## Matrix "1.2-18" "recommended"
## methods "3.6.3" "base"
## mgcv "1.8-31" "recommended"
## mime "0.9" NA
## mnormt "1.5-6" NA
## modelr "0.1.6" NA
## munsell "0.5.0" NA
## nlme "3.1-144" "recommended"
## nnet "7.3-12" "recommended"
## openssl "1.4.1" NA
## parallel "3.6.3" "base"
## pillar "1.4.3" NA
## pkgbuild "1.0.6" NA
## pkgconfig "2.0.3" NA
## pkgload "1.0.2" NA
## plogr "0.2.0" NA
## plyr "1.8.6" NA
## praise "1.0.0" NA
## prettyunits "1.1.1" NA
## processx "3.4.2" NA
## progress "1.2.2" NA
## ps "1.3.2" NA
## psych "1.9.12.31" NA
## purrr "0.3.3" NA
## R6 "2.4.1" NA
## RColorBrewer "1.1-2" NA
## Rcpp "1.0.4" NA
## readr "1.3.1" NA
## readxl "1.3.1" NA
## rematch "1.0.1" NA
## reprex "0.3.0" NA
## reshape2 "1.4.3" NA
## rlang "0.4.5" NA
## rmarkdown "2.1" NA
## rpart "4.1-15" "recommended"
## rprojroot "1.3-2" NA
## rstudioapi "0.11" NA
## rvest "0.3.5" NA
## scales "1.1.0" NA
## selectr "0.4-2" NA
## spatial "7.3-11" "recommended"
## splines "3.6.3" "base"
## stats "3.6.3" "base"
## stats4 "3.6.3" "base"
## stringi "1.4.6" NA
## stringr "1.4.0" NA
## survival "3.1-8" "recommended"
## sys "3.3" NA
## tcltk "3.6.3" "base"
## testthat "2.3.2" NA
## tibble "3.0.0" NA
## tidyr "1.0.2" NA
## tidyselect "1.0.0" NA
## tidyverse "1.3.0" NA
## tinytex "0.21" NA
## tools "3.6.3" "base"
## utf8 "1.1.4" NA
## utils "3.6.3" "base"
## vctrs "0.2.4" NA
## viridisLite "0.3.0" NA
## whisker "0.4" NA
## withr "2.1.2" NA
## xfun "0.12" NA
## xml2 "1.3.0" NA
## yaml "2.2.1" NA
## Depends
## askpass NA
## assertthat NA
## backports "R (>= 3.0.0)"
## base NA
## base64enc "R (>= 2.9.0)"
## BH NA
## bookdown NA
## boot "R (>= 3.0.0), graphics, stats"
## broom "R (>= 3.1)"
## callr NA
## cellranger "R (>= 3.0.0)"
## class "R (>= 3.0.0), stats, utils"
## cli "R (>= 2.10)"
## clipr NA
## cluster "R (>= 3.3.0)"
## codetools "R (>= 2.1)"
## colorspace "R (>= 3.0.0), methods"
## compiler NA
## crayon NA
## curl "R (>= 3.0.0)"
## datasets NA
## DBI "methods, R (>= 3.0.0)"
## dbplyr "R (>= 3.1)"
## desc "R (>= 3.1.0)"
## digest "R (>= 3.1.0)"
## dplyr "R (>= 3.2.0)"
## ellipsis "R (>= 3.2)"
## evaluate "R (>= 3.0.2)"
## fansi "R (>= 3.1.0)"
## farver NA
## forcats "R (>= 3.2)"
## foreign "R (>= 3.0.0)"
## fs "R (>= 3.1)"
## generics "R (>= 3.1)"
## ggplot2 "R (>= 3.2)"
## glue "R (>= 3.1)"
## graphics NA
## grDevices NA
## grid NA
## gtable "R (>= 3.0)"
## haven "R (>= 3.2)"
## highr "R (>= 3.2.3)"
## hms NA
## htmltools "R (>= 2.14.1)"
## httr "R (>= 3.2)"
## isoband NA
## jsonlite "methods"
## KernSmooth "R (>= 2.5.0), stats"
## knitr "R (>= 3.2.3)"
## labeling NA
## lattice "R (>= 3.0.0)"
## lifecycle "R (>= 3.2)"
## lubridate "methods, R (>= 3.0.0)"
## magrittr NA
## markdown "R (>= 2.11.1)"
## MASS "R (>= 3.1.0), grDevices, graphics, stats, utils"
## Matrix "R (>= 3.2.0)"
## methods NA
## mgcv "R (>= 2.14.0), nlme (>= 3.1-64)"
## mime NA
## mnormt "R (>= 2.2.0)"
## modelr "R (>= 3.2)"
## munsell NA
## nlme "R (>= 3.4.0)"
## nnet "R (>= 2.14.0), stats, utils"
## openssl NA
## parallel NA
## pillar NA
## pkgbuild "R (>= 3.1)"
## pkgconfig NA
## pkgload NA
## plogr NA
## plyr "R (>= 3.1.0)"
## praise NA
## prettyunits NA
## processx NA
## progress NA
## ps "R (>= 3.1)"
## psych NA
## purrr "R (>= 3.2)"
## R6 "R (>= 3.0)"
## RColorBrewer "R (>= 2.0.0)"
## Rcpp "R (>= 3.0.0)"
## readr "R (>= 3.1)"
## readxl NA
## rematch NA
## reprex "R (>= 3.1)"
## reshape2 "R (>= 3.1)"
## rlang "R (>= 3.2.0)"
## rmarkdown "R (>= 3.0)"
## rpart "R (>= 2.15.0), graphics, stats, grDevices"
## rprojroot "R (>= 3.0.0)"
## rstudioapi NA
## rvest "R (>= 3.2), xml2"
## scales "R (>= 3.2)"
## selectr "R (>= 3.0)"
## spatial "R (>= 3.0.0), graphics, stats, utils"
## splines NA
## stats NA
## stats4 NA
## stringi "R (>= 2.14)"
## stringr "R (>= 3.1)"
## survival "R (>= 3.4.0)"
## sys NA
## tcltk NA
## testthat "R (>= 3.1)"
## tibble "R (>= 3.1.0)"
## tidyr "R (>= 3.1)"
## tidyselect "R (>= 3.2)"
## tidyverse "R (>= 3.2)"
## tinytex NA
## tools NA
## utf8 "R (>= 2.10)"
## utils NA
## vctrs "R (>= 3.2)"
## viridisLite "R (>= 2.10)"
## whisker NA
## withr "R (>= 3.0.2)"
## xfun NA
## xml2 "R (>= 3.1.0)"
## yaml NA
## Imports
## askpass "sys (>= 2.1)"
## assertthat "tools"
## backports "utils"
## base NA
## base64enc NA
## BH NA
## bookdown "htmltools (>= 0.3.6), knitr (>= 1.22), rmarkdown (>= 2.0),\nxfun (>= 0.6), tinytex (>= 0.12)"
## boot NA
## broom "backports, dplyr, generics (>= 0.0.2), methods, nlme, purrr,\nreshape2, stringr, tibble, tidyr"
## callr "processx (>= 3.4.0), R6, utils"
## cellranger "rematch, tibble"
## class "MASS"
## cli "assertthat, crayon (>= 1.3.4), glue, methods, utils, fansi"
## clipr "utils"
## cluster "graphics, grDevices, stats, utils"
## codetools NA
## colorspace "graphics, grDevices, stats"
## compiler NA
## crayon "grDevices, methods, utils"
## curl NA
## datasets NA
## DBI NA
## dbplyr "assertthat (>= 0.2.0), DBI (>= 1.0.0), dplyr (>= 0.8.0), glue\n(>= 1.2.0), methods, purrr (>= 0.2.5), R6 (>= 2.2.2), rlang (>=\n0.2.0), tibble (>= 1.4.2), tidyselect (>= 0.2.4), utils"
## desc "assertthat, utils, R6, crayon, rprojroot"
## digest "utils"
## dplyr "ellipsis, assertthat (>= 0.2.0), glue (>= 1.3.0), magrittr (>=\n1.5), methods, pkgconfig, R6, Rcpp (>= 1.0.1), rlang (>=\n0.4.0), tibble (>= 2.0.0), tidyselect (>= 0.2.5), utils"
## ellipsis "rlang (>= 0.3.0)"
## evaluate "methods"
## fansi NA
## farver NA
## forcats "ellipsis, magrittr, rlang, tibble"
## foreign "methods, utils, stats"
## fs "methods"
## generics "methods"
## ggplot2 "digest, glue, grDevices, grid, gtable (>= 0.1.1), isoband,\nMASS, mgcv, rlang (>= 0.3.0), scales (>= 0.5.0), stats, tibble,\nwithr (>= 2.0.0)"
## glue "methods"
## graphics "grDevices"
## grDevices NA
## grid "grDevices, utils"
## gtable "grid"
## haven "forcats (>= 0.2.0), hms, Rcpp (>= 0.11.4), readr (>= 0.1.0),\nrlang (>= 0.4.0), tibble, tidyselect"
## highr NA
## hms "methods, pkgconfig, rlang, vctrs (>= 0.2.1)"
## htmltools "utils, digest, Rcpp, rlang"
## httr "curl (>= 3.0.0), jsonlite, mime, openssl (>= 0.8), R6"
## isoband "Rcpp, grid, utils"
## jsonlite NA
## KernSmooth NA
## knitr "evaluate (>= 0.10), highr, markdown, stringr (>= 0.6), yaml\n(>= 2.1.19), methods, xfun, tools"
## labeling NA
## lattice "grid, grDevices, graphics, stats, utils"
## lifecycle "glue, rlang (>= 0.4.0)"
## lubridate "stringr, Rcpp (>= 0.12.13),"
## magrittr NA
## markdown "utils, xfun, mime (>= 0.3)"
## MASS "methods"
## Matrix "methods, graphics, grid, stats, utils, lattice"
## methods "utils, stats"
## mgcv "methods, stats, graphics, Matrix, splines, utils"
## mime "tools"
## mnormt NA
## modelr "broom, dplyr, magrittr, purrr (>= 0.2.2), rlang (>= 0.2.0),\ntibble, tidyr (>= 0.8.0), tidyselect"
## munsell "colorspace, methods"
## nlme "graphics, stats, utils, lattice"
## nnet NA
## openssl "askpass"
## parallel "tools, compiler"
## pillar "cli, crayon (>= 1.3.4), fansi, rlang (>= 0.3.0), utf8 (>=\n1.1.0), vctrs (>= 0.2.0)"
## pkgbuild "callr (>= 3.2.0), cli, crayon, desc, prettyunits, R6,\nrprojroot, withr (>= 2.1.2)"
## pkgconfig "utils"
## pkgload "desc, methods, pkgbuild, rlang, rprojroot, rstudioapi, utils,\nwithr"
## plogr NA
## plyr "Rcpp (>= 0.11.0)"
## praise NA
## prettyunits NA
## processx "ps (>= 1.2.0), R6, utils"
## progress "hms, prettyunits, R6, crayon"
## ps "utils"
## psych "mnormt,parallel,stats,graphics,grDevices,methods,lattice,nlme"
## purrr "magrittr (>= 1.5), rlang (>= 0.3.1)"
## R6 NA
## RColorBrewer NA
## Rcpp "methods, utils"
## readr "Rcpp (>= 0.12.0.5), tibble, hms (>= 0.4.1), R6, clipr, crayon,\nmethods"
## readxl "cellranger, Rcpp (>= 0.12.18), tibble (>= 1.3.1), utils"
## rematch NA
## reprex "callr (>= 2.0.0), clipr (>= 0.4.0), fs, rlang, rmarkdown,\nutils, whisker, withr"
## reshape2 "plyr (>= 1.8.1), Rcpp, stringr"
## rlang NA
## rmarkdown "tools, utils, knitr (>= 1.22), yaml (>= 2.1.19), htmltools (>=\n0.3.5), evaluate (>= 0.13), base64enc, jsonlite, mime, tinytex\n(>= 0.11), xfun, methods, stringr (>= 1.2.0)"
## rpart NA
## rprojroot "backports"
## rstudioapi NA
## rvest "httr (>= 0.5), magrittr, selectr"
## scales "farver (>= 2.0.0), labeling, munsell (>= 0.5), R6,\nRColorBrewer, viridisLite, lifecycle"
## selectr "methods, stringr, R6"
## spatial NA
## splines "graphics, stats"
## stats "utils, grDevices, graphics"
## stats4 "graphics, methods, stats"
## stringi "tools, utils, stats"
## stringr "glue (>= 1.2.0), magrittr, stringi (>= 1.1.7)"
## survival "graphics, Matrix, methods, splines, stats, utils"
## sys NA
## tcltk "utils"
## testthat "cli, crayon (>= 1.3.4), digest, ellipsis, evaluate, magrittr,\nmethods, pkgload, praise, R6 (>= 2.2.0), rlang (>= 0.4.1),\nwithr (>= 2.0.0)"
## tibble "cli, crayon (>= 1.3.4), ellipsis (>= 0.2.0), fansi (>= 0.4.0),\nlifecycle (>= 0.2.0), magrittr, methods, pillar (>= 1.4.3),\npkgconfig, rlang (>= 0.4.3), utils, vctrs (>= 0.2.4)"
## tidyr "dplyr (>= 0.8.2), ellipsis (>= 0.1.0), glue, magrittr, purrr,\nRcpp, rlang, stringi, tibble (>= 2.1.1), tidyselect (>= 0.2.5),\nutils, vctrs (>= 0.2.0), lifecycle"
## tidyselect "ellipsis, glue (>= 1.3.0), purrr (>= 0.3.2), rlang (>= 0.4.3),\nvctrs (>= 0.2.2)"
## tidyverse "broom (>= 0.5.2), cli (>= 1.1.0), crayon (>= 1.3.4), dbplyr\n(>= 1.4.2), dplyr (>= 0.8.3), forcats (>= 0.4.0), ggplot2 (>=\n3.2.1), haven (>= 2.2.0), hms (>= 0.5.2), httr (>= 1.4.1),\njsonlite (>= 1.6), lubridate (>= 1.7.4), magrittr (>= 1.5),\nmodelr (>= 0.1.5), pillar (>= 1.4.2), purrr (>= 0.3.3), readr\n(>= 1.3.1), readxl (>= 1.3.1), reprex (>= 0.3.0), rlang (>=\n0.4.1), rstudioapi (>= 0.10), rvest (>= 0.3.5), stringr (>=\n1.4.0), tibble (>= 2.1.3), tidyr (>= 1.0.0), xml2 (>= 1.2.2)"
## tinytex "xfun (>= 0.5)"
## tools NA
## utf8 NA
## utils NA
## vctrs "ellipsis (>= 0.2.0), digest, glue, rlang (>= 0.4.5)"
## viridisLite NA
## whisker NA
## withr "stats, graphics, grDevices"
## xfun "stats, tools"
## xml2 "methods"
## yaml NA
## LinkingTo
## askpass NA
## assertthat NA
## backports NA
## base NA
## base64enc NA
## BH NA
## bookdown NA
## boot NA
## broom NA
## callr NA
## cellranger NA
## class NA
## cli NA
## clipr NA
## cluster NA
## codetools NA
## colorspace NA
## compiler NA
## crayon NA
## curl NA
## datasets NA
## DBI NA
## dbplyr NA
## desc NA
## digest NA
## dplyr "BH, plogr (>= 0.2.0), Rcpp (>= 1.0.1)"
## ellipsis NA
## evaluate NA
## fansi NA
## farver NA
## forcats NA
## foreign NA
## fs NA
## generics NA
## ggplot2 NA
## glue NA
## graphics NA
## grDevices NA
## grid NA
## gtable NA
## haven "Rcpp"
## highr NA
## hms NA
## htmltools "Rcpp"
## httr NA
## isoband "Rcpp, testthat"
## jsonlite NA
## KernSmooth NA
## knitr NA
## labeling NA
## lattice NA
## lifecycle NA
## lubridate "Rcpp,"
## magrittr NA
## markdown NA
## MASS NA
## Matrix NA
## methods NA
## mgcv NA
## mime NA
## mnormt NA
## modelr NA
## munsell NA
## nlme NA
## nnet NA
## openssl NA
## parallel NA
## pillar NA
## pkgbuild NA
## pkgconfig NA
## pkgload NA
## plogr NA
## plyr "Rcpp"
## praise NA
## prettyunits NA
## processx NA
## progress NA
## ps NA
## psych NA
## purrr NA
## R6 NA
## RColorBrewer NA
## Rcpp NA
## readr "Rcpp, BH"
## readxl "progress, Rcpp"
## rematch NA
## reprex NA
## reshape2 "Rcpp"
## rlang NA
## rmarkdown NA
## rpart NA
## rprojroot NA
## rstudioapi NA
## rvest NA
## scales NA
## selectr NA
## spatial NA
## splines NA
## stats NA
## stats4 NA
## stringi NA
## stringr NA
## survival NA
## sys NA
## tcltk NA
## testthat NA
## tibble NA
## tidyr "Rcpp"
## tidyselect NA
## tidyverse NA
## tinytex NA
## tools NA
## utf8 NA
## utils NA
## vctrs NA
## viridisLite NA
## whisker NA
## withr NA
## xfun NA
## xml2 NA
## yaml NA
## Suggests
## askpass "testthat"
## assertthat "testthat, covr"
## backports NA
## base "methods"
## base64enc NA
## BH NA
## bookdown "htmlwidgets, rstudioapi, miniUI, rsconnect (>= 0.4.3), servr\n(>= 0.13), shiny, testit (>= 0.9), tufte, webshot"
## boot "MASS, survival"
## broom "AER, akima, AUC, bbmle, betareg, biglm, binGroup, boot, brms,\nbtergm, car, caret, coda, covr, e1071, emmeans, ergm, gam (>=\n1.15), gamlss, gamlss.data, gamlss.dist, geepack, ggplot2,\nglmnet, gmm, Hmisc, irlba, Kendall, knitr, ks, Lahman, lavaan,\nlfe, lme4, lmodel2, lmtest, lsmeans, maps, maptools, MASS,\nMatrix, mclust, mgcv, muhaz, multcomp, network, nnet, orcutt\n(>= 2.2), ordinal, plm, plyr, poLCA, psych, quantreg, rgeos,\nrmarkdown, rsample, rstan, rstanarm, sp, speedglm,\nstatnet.common, survey, survival, testthat, tseries, xergm, zoo"
## callr "cliapp, covr, crayon, fansi, pingr, ps, rprojroot, spelling,\ntestthat, tibble, withr"
## cellranger "covr, testthat (>= 1.0.0), knitr, rmarkdown"
## class NA
## cli "callr, covr, htmlwidgets, knitr, mockery, rmarkdown,\nrstudioapi, prettycode (>= 1.1.0), testthat, withr"
## clipr "covr, knitr, rmarkdown, rstudioapi (>= 0.5), testthat (>=\n2.0.0)"
## cluster "MASS, Matrix"
## codetools NA
## colorspace "datasets, utils, KernSmooth, MASS, kernlab, mvtnorm, vcd,\ntcltk, shiny, shinyjs, ggplot2, dplyr, scales, grid, png, jpeg,\nknitr, rmarkdown, RColorBrewer, rcartocolor, scico, viridis,\nwesanderson"
## compiler NA
## crayon "mockery, rstudioapi, testthat, withr"
## curl "spelling, testthat (>= 1.0.0), knitr, jsonlite, rmarkdown,\nmagrittr, httpuv (>= 1.4.4), webutils"
## datasets NA
## DBI "blob, covr, hms, knitr, magrittr, rmarkdown, rprojroot,\nRSQLite (>= 1.1-2), testthat, xml2"
## dbplyr "bit64, covr, knitr, Lahman, nycflights13, RMariaDB (>=\n1.0.2), rmarkdown, RMySQL (>= 0.10.11), RPostgreSQL (>= 0.4.1),\nRSQLite (>= 2.1.0), testthat (>= 2.0.0), withr (>= 2.1.2)"
## desc "covr, testthat, whoami, withr"
## digest "tinytest, knitr, rmarkdown"
## dplyr "bit64, callr, covr, crayon (>= 1.3.4), DBI, dbplyr, dtplyr,\nggplot2, hms, knitr, Lahman, lubridate, MASS, mgcv,\nmicrobenchmark, nycflights13, rmarkdown, RMySQL, RPostgreSQL,\nRSQLite, testthat, withr, broom, purrr, readr"
## ellipsis "covr, testthat"
## evaluate "testthat, lattice, ggplot2"
## fansi "unitizer, knitr, rmarkdown"
## farver "testthat (>= 2.1.0), covr"
## forcats "covr, ggplot2, testthat, readr, knitr, rmarkdown, dplyr"
## foreign NA
## fs "testthat, covr, pillar (>= 1.0.0), tibble (>= 1.1.0), crayon,\nrmarkdown, knitr, withr, spelling"
## generics "covr, pkgload, testthat, tibble"
## ggplot2 "covr, dplyr, ggplot2movies, hexbin, Hmisc, knitr, lattice,\nmapproj, maps, maptools, multcomp, munsell, nlme, profvis,\nquantreg, rgeos, rmarkdown, rpart, sf (>= 0.7-3), svglite (>=\n1.2.0.9001), testthat (>= 2.1.0), vdiffr (>= 0.3.0)"
## glue "testthat, covr, magrittr, crayon, knitr, rmarkdown, DBI,\nRSQLite, R.utils, forcats, microbenchmark, rprintf, stringr,\nggplot2, dplyr, withr, vctrs (>= 0.2.2)"
## graphics NA
## grDevices "KernSmooth"
## grid "lattice"
## gtable "covr, testthat, knitr, rmarkdown, ggplot2, profvis"
## haven "covr, fs, knitr, rmarkdown, testthat, pillar (>= 1.4.0), cli,\ncrayon"
## highr "knitr, testit"
## hms "crayon, lubridate, pillar (>= 1.1.0), testthat"
## htmltools "markdown, testthat, withr"
## httr "covr, httpuv, jpeg, knitr, png, readr, rmarkdown, testthat\n(>= 0.8.0), xml2"
## isoband "covr, ggplot2, knitr, lwgeom, magick, microbenchmark,\nrmarkdown, sf, testthat"
## jsonlite "httr, curl, plyr, testthat, knitr, rmarkdown, R.rsp, sp"
## KernSmooth "MASS"
## knitr "formatR, testit, digest, rgl (>= 0.95.1201), codetools,\nrmarkdown, htmlwidgets (>= 0.7), webshot, tikzDevice (>= 0.10),\ntinytex, reticulate (>= 1.4), JuliaCall (>= 0.11.1), magick,\npng, jpeg, gifski, xml2 (>= 1.2.0), httr, DBI (>= 0.4-1),\nshowtext, tibble, sass, styler (>= 1.2.0)"
## labeling NA
## lattice "KernSmooth, MASS, latticeExtra"
## lifecycle "covr, crayon, knitr, rmarkdown, testthat (>= 2.1.0)"
## lubridate "testthat, knitr, covr"
## magrittr "testthat, knitr"
## markdown "knitr, RCurl"
## MASS "lattice, nlme, nnet, survival"
## Matrix "expm, MASS"
## methods "codetools"
## mgcv "parallel, survival, MASS"
## mime NA
## mnormt NA
## modelr "compiler, covr, ggplot2, testthat"
## munsell "ggplot2, testthat"
## nlme "Hmisc, MASS"
## nnet "MASS"
## openssl "testthat, digest, knitr, rmarkdown, jsonlite, jose, sodium"
## parallel "methods"
## pillar "knitr, lubridate, testthat (>= 2.0.0), withr"
## pkgbuild "Rcpp, testthat, covr"
## pkgconfig "covr, testthat, disposables (>= 1.0.3)"
## pkgload "bitops, covr, Rcpp, testthat"
## plogr "Rcpp"
## plyr "abind, covr, doParallel, foreach, iterators, itertools,\ntcltk, testthat"
## praise "testthat"
## prettyunits "codetools, covr, testthat"
## processx "callr (>= 3.2.0), codetools, covr, crayon, curl, debugme,\nparallel, testthat, withr"
## progress "Rcpp, testthat, withr"
## ps "callr, covr, curl, pingr, processx (>= 3.1.0), R6, rlang,\ntestthat, tibble"
## psych "psychTools, GPArotation, lavaan, sem, lme4,Rcsdp, graph,\nRgraphviz"
## purrr "covr, crayon, dplyr (>= 0.7.8), knitr, rmarkdown, testthat,\ntibble, tidyselect"
## R6 "knitr, microbenchmark, pryr, testthat, ggplot2, scales"
## RColorBrewer NA
## Rcpp "tinytest, inline, rbenchmark, pkgKitten (>= 0.1.2)"
## readr "curl, testthat, knitr, rmarkdown, stringi, covr, spelling"
## readxl "covr, knitr, rmarkdown, rprojroot (>= 1.1), testthat"
## rematch "covr, testthat"
## reprex "covr, devtools, fortunes, knitr, miniUI, rprojroot,\nrstudioapi, shiny, styler (>= 1.0.2), testthat (>= 2.0.0)"
## reshape2 "covr, lattice, testthat (>= 0.8.0)"
## rlang "cli, covr, crayon, glue, magrittr, methods, pillar,\nrmarkdown, testthat (>= 2.3.0), vctrs (>= 0.2.3)"
## rmarkdown "shiny (>= 0.11), tufte, testthat, digest, dygraphs, tibble,\nfs, pkgdown, callr (>= 2.0.0)"
## rpart "survival"
## rprojroot "testthat, mockr, knitr, withr, rmarkdown"
## rstudioapi "testthat, knitr, rmarkdown, clipr"
## rvest "covr, knitr, png, rmarkdown, spelling, stringi (>= 0.3.1),\ntestthat"
## scales "bit64, covr, dichromat, hms, testthat (>= 2.1.0), ggplot2"
## selectr "testthat, XML, xml2"
## spatial "MASS"
## splines "Matrix, methods"
## stats "MASS, Matrix, SuppDists, methods, stats4"
## stats4 NA
## stringi NA
## stringr "covr, htmltools, htmlwidgets, knitr, rmarkdown, testthat"
## survival NA
## sys "unix (>= 1.4), spelling, testthat"
## tcltk NA
## testthat "covr, curl (>= 0.9.5), devtools, knitr, rmarkdown, usethis,\nvctrs (>= 0.1.0), xml2"
## tibble "bench, bit64, blob, covr, dplyr, evaluate, hms, htmltools,\nimport, knitr, mockr, nycflights13, purrr, rmarkdown, testthat\n(>= 2.1.0), tidyr, withr"
## tidyr "covr, jsonlite, knitr, repurrrsive (>= 1.0.0), rmarkdown,\nreadr, testthat (>= 2.1.0)"
## tidyselect "covr, crayon, dplyr, knitr, magrittr, rmarkdown, testthat (>=\n2.3.0), tibble (>= 2.1.3), withr"
## tidyverse "covr, feather, glue, knitr, rmarkdown, testthat"
## tinytex "testit, rstudioapi"
## tools "codetools, methods, xml2, curl, commonmark"
## utf8 "knitr, rmarkdown, testthat"
## utils "methods, xml2, commonmark"
## vctrs "bit64, covr, crayon, generics, knitr, pillar (>= 1.4.1),\npkgdown, rmarkdown, testthat (>= 2.3.0), tibble, xml2, zeallot"
## viridisLite "hexbin (>= 1.27.0), ggplot2 (>= 1.0.1), testthat, covr"
## whisker "markdown"
## withr "testthat, covr, lattice, DBI, RSQLite, methods, knitr,\nrmarkdown"
## xfun "testit, parallel, rstudioapi, tinytex, mime, markdown, knitr,\nhtmltools, base64enc, remotes, rmarkdown"
## xml2 "covr, curl, httr, knitr, magrittr, mockery, rmarkdown,\ntestthat (>= 2.1.0)"
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## Enhances
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## assertthat NA
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## base NA
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## BH NA
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## fs NA
## generics NA
## ggplot2 "sp"
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## grDevices NA
## grid NA
## gtable NA
## haven NA
## highr NA
## hms NA
## htmltools "knitr"
## httr NA
## isoband NA
## jsonlite NA
## KernSmooth NA
## knitr NA
## labeling NA
## lattice "chron"
## lifecycle NA
## lubridate "chron, fts, timeSeries, timeDate, tis, tseries, xts, zoo"
## magrittr NA
## markdown NA
## MASS NA
## Matrix "MatrixModels, graph, SparseM, sfsmisc"
## methods NA
## mgcv NA
## mime NA
## mnormt NA
## modelr NA
## munsell NA
## nlme NA
## nnet NA
## openssl NA
## parallel "snow, nws, Rmpi"
## pillar NA
## pkgbuild NA
## pkgconfig NA
## pkgload NA
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## plyr NA
## praise NA
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## psych NA
## purrr NA
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## dplyr "MIT + file LICENSE" NA
## ellipsis "GPL-3" NA
## evaluate "MIT + file LICENSE" NA
## fansi "GPL (>= 2)" NA
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## mime "GPL" NA
## mnormt "GPL-2 | GPL-3" NA
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## munsell "MIT + file LICENSE" NA
## nlme "GPL (>= 2) | file LICENCE" NA
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## ps "BSD_3_clause + file LICENSE" NA
## psych "GPL (>= 2)" NA
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## stringi "file LICENSE" "yes"
## stringr "GPL-2 | file LICENSE" NA
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## sys "MIT + file LICENSE" NA
## tcltk "Part of R 3.6.3" NA
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## sys NA NA NA "yes" "3.6.0"
## tcltk NA NA NA "yes" "3.6.3"
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## tibble NA NA NA "yes" "3.6.2"
## tidyr NA NA NA "yes" "3.6.0"
## tidyselect NA NA NA "yes" "3.6.0"
## tidyverse NA NA NA "no" "3.6.0"
## tinytex NA NA NA "no" "3.6.2"
## tools NA NA NA "yes" "3.6.3"
## utf8 NA NA NA "yes" "3.6.0"
## utils NA NA NA "yes" "3.6.3"
## vctrs NA NA NA "yes" "3.6.0"
## viridisLite NA NA NA "no" "3.6.0"
## whisker NA NA NA "no" "3.6.0"
## withr NA NA NA "no" "3.6.0"
## xfun NA NA NA "no" "3.6.0"
## xml2 NA NA NA "yes" "3.6.2"
## yaml NA NA NA "yes" "3.6.0"# is package psych installed?
which(installed.packages() == 'psych')## [1] 79prüfen ob ein Paket installiert ist:
# is package psych installed?
which(installed.packages() == 'psych')## [1] 79# or simply try to load it
require("psych")Ein paar Spezifika, wenn mit Studierenden-Accounts eigene Packages in RStudio installiert werden sollen. Normalerweise kommt die Meldung would you like to create a personal library 'C:\Windows\system32\config\systemprofile\AppDataLocal\R' to install packages into? Egal welche Option gewählt wird, es geht nicht weiter und das hat mit den lokalen Spezifika in Göttingen und im Pool zu tun.
Die Packages werden in einem Verzeichnis auf dem P: Laufwerk installiert und beim Laden wird mit angegeben, von wo aus das Package gelesen werden soll.
Beispiel: Hier wird P:\R (Windows Notation, daher ‘/’) als Verzeichnis für Libraries benutzt
[die Befehle unten dienen nur der Illustration und werden nicht direkt ausgeführt]
# get and install a package called sudoku in my personal directory at GWDG/StudIT
install.packages("sudoku", lib="P:/R/library")
# load package sudoku explicitly by supplying the location of the package
library(sudoku,lib.loc='P:/R/library')
# ... the same using require()
require(sudoku,lib.loc='P:/R/library')Ab SS 2017 ist der obige Pfad auch im Default Suchpfad für Pakete enthalten, so dass geht:
# get and install a package called sudoku in my personal directory at GWDG/StudIT
install.packages("sudoku", lib="P:/R/library")
# library search path
.libPaths()
# load package sudoku that can be found in search path
library(sudoku)
# ... the same using require()
require(sudoku)cf data_types
# attributes(objekt)
b.t <- c(38, 27, 34, 37, 50, 55, 57, 54, 60)
b.w <- c(40, 38, 41, 40, 37, 32, 33, 35, 33)
ll <- lm(b.t ~ b.w)
attributes(ll)## $names
## [1] "coefficients" "residuals" "effects" "rank"
## [5] "fitted.values" "assign" "qr" "df.residual"
## [9] "xlevels" "call" "terms" "model"
##
## $class
## [1] "lm"Daten sind in R extrem flexibel. R kann auch dem sehr üblichen Datenformat als Textdatei mit Tabulator-getrennten Feldern und einer Kopfzeile mit den Variablennamen umgehen.
Die Ausgabe kann umgeleitet werden, um ein Ergebnisfile zu erzeugen. Die Ausgabe kann auch parallel in Ergebnisfile und auf den Bildschirm erfolgen.
# Ausgabe umleiten in Datei im aktuellen Working-Directory
#sink("output.txt")
# Ausgabe in Datei auf LW p: und auf Bildschirm parallel umleiten
# sink("p:output.txt", split="TRUE")
# und wieder auf den Bildschirm bringen (zurücksetzen)
#sink()in diesem Zusammenhang sind u. U. auch die Automatisierungsmöglichkeiten interessant. Grafiken programmiert exportieren
Grafiken können sehr flexibel programmiert werden. Automatisch Grafiken erzeugen:
# eine jpeg-Datei erzeugen
# erzeugte Grafik in Datei umleiten
jpeg(file="scatterplot.jpg")
# wenn kein Pfad angegeben wird landet die Datei im aktuellen working directory: getwd()
# Visualisierung Scatterplot
x <- c(10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17, 15, 17, 10)
y <- c(22,21,23,22,24,26,25,27, 22, 22, 15)
plot(x, y)
# Grafikdevice schließen
dev.off()## quartz_off_screen
## 2s1 <- 'nie'
s2 <- 'mals'
paste(s1, s2, sep='-')## [1] "nie-mals"Struktur: str(obj)
aus [http://www.statmethods.net/input/datatypes.html]
An ordered collection of objects (components). A list allows you to gather a variety of (possibly unrelated) objects under one name.
# example of a list with 4 components -
# a string, a numeric vector, a matrix, and a scaler
a <- c(1,2,3,2,1)
B <- matrix(
c(2, 4, 3, 1, 5, 7), # the data elements
nrow=2, # number of rows
ncol=3, # number of columns
byrow = TRUE) # fill matrix by rows
mylist1 <- list(name="Fred", mynumbers=a, mymatrix=B, age=5.3)
mylist2 <- mylist1
# example of a list containing two lists
mylist <- c(mylist1,mylist2)
# Identify elements of a list using the [[]] convention.
mylist[[2]] # 2nd component of the list## [1] 1 2 3 2 1mylist1[["mynumbers"]] # component named mynumbers in list## [1] 1 2 3 2 1RTutoriallist
# get some data
bmi <- read.delim("http://md.psych.bio.uni-goettingen.de/data/virt/v_bmi.txt")
# number of observations (rows, lines) in dataframe
nrow(bmi)## [1] 30# alternatively length() of some column
length(bmi$subj)## [1] 30# number of variables (columns) in dataframe
ncol(bmi)## [1] 12oder via dplyr
require(dplyr)## Loading required package: dplyr##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, union# get some data
bmi <- read.delim("http://md.psych.bio.uni-goettingen.de/data/virt/v_bmi.txt")
# number of observations (rows, lines) in dataframe
dplyr::summarize(bmi, n=n())## n
## 1 30# alternatively length() of some column
length(bmi$subj)## [1] 30# number of variables (columns) in dataframe
ncol(bmi)## [1] 12methods(class=“lme”)
Arbeitsbereich löschen
Parameter, postitional, named, defaults, overwrite
Ein paar Bemerkungen
R ist grundsätzlich textorientiert.
Nach dem Aufruf von R findet man sich auf einer Kommandozeile, die Eingaben erwartet.
Eingaben werden mit der Enter-Taste abgeschlossen und dann direkt ausgeführt.
Alle Text-Ausgaben erscheinen im Eingabefenster.
Für grafische Ausgaben wird ein Grafikfenster geöffnet, in dem die Grafiken gezeigt werden.
Die Grafiken sind nicht direkt interaktiv manipulierbar.
Eingaben können entweder direkt eingetippt werden, oder aber von einer anderen Quelle per copy/paste eingefügt werden.
Es empfielt sich das parallele Arbeiten mit einem guten Text-Editor.
Vorherige Befehle können über die Cursortasten zurückgeholt und ggf. verändert neu abgeschickt werden (command history).
'#' leitet einen Kommentar ein: Alles was in dieser Zeile nachher kommt wird ignoriertArbeitsverzeichnis
Alle Arbeiten beziehen sich auf eine ‘working directory’, also ein Arbeitsverzeichnis. Alle verwendeten Dateien werden dort gesucht/abgelegt, wenn nicht ein vollständiger Pfad für Dateien angegeben wird. Über diesen Mechanismus können völlig unabhängige Auswertungsprojekte verwirklicht werden.
# Was ist das aktuelle Working Directory?
getwd()## [1] "/Users/pzezula/ownCloud/lehre_ss_2020/unit/basics"# Working Directory festlegen
##setwd('c:/pfad/zum/verzeichnis/') # auch unter Win mit / nicht mit \\
# Alle gemachten Eingaben werden mitprotokolliert und können am Ende einer Sitzung abgespeichert werden. Speichern über Menu File | save oder per Kommando
# Session history abspeichern
##history("p:/meine_auswertungsbefehle.rhistory")
#Default File-Extension für diese Art von Dateien ist .Rhistory Diese Extension wird nicht automatisch generiert.Arbeitsumgebung
Die gesamte Arbeitsumgebung (alle Daten) kann gespeichert und wieder geladen werden. Wenn die Extension (.RData) angehängt ist genügt unter Windows auch ein Doppelklick. Oft ist eine automatisierte Auswertung mit einem Rohdatenfile und einer Befehlsfolge die bessere Alternative für ein grosses Projekt (nachvollziehbarer). s.u.
# aktuelle Arbeitsumgebung speichern
#save(file="p:/zustand_2010.RData")
# oder
#save.image("p:/zustand_2010.RData")
# zum Laden der gespeicherten Arbeitsumgebung
#load("p:/zustand_2010.RData")
#Mit dem ls() oder objects() Befehl kann überprüft werden, welche (Daten-)Objekte in der aktuellen Session existierenden.
#Löschen kann man mit rm(). Der Befehl rm(list=ls(all=TRUE)) löscht alle aktuellen Objekte.
#Kommandoeingabe
#Befehle eingetippt oder per copy/paste eingefügt werden oder können auch aus einer externen Datei eingelesen werden. Dies bietet die Möglichkeit, automatisierte Auswertungen zu generieren. (vgl. Automatisierung)
# Datei mit Kommandos von LW p: einlesen
#source("p:/r_auswertungskommandos.txt")
# Wenn man sehen möchte, was passiert, hilft das echo-Flag
#source("p:/r_auswertungskommandos.txt", echo=T)
# Die Befehlsdatei kann sogar in einer URL liegen (internationale Zusammenarbeit)
#source("http://www.psych.uni-goettingen.de/r/files/and_then.txt", echo=T)
#Suchpfad
# Suchpfad ausgeben lassen
search()## [1] ".GlobalEnv" "package:dplyr" "package:psych"
## [4] "package:ggplot2" "package:stats" "package:graphics"
## [7] "package:grDevices" "package:utils" "package:datasets"
## [10] "package:methods" "Autoloads" "package:base"# Suchpfad mit attach erweitern
d.f <- data.frame(
v1 = c(1,2,3),
v2 = c(4,5,6)
)
attach(d.f)
# jetzt sind die names(d.f) direkt verfügbar im Namespace
search()## [1] ".GlobalEnv" "d.f" "package:dplyr"
## [4] "package:psych" "package:ggplot2" "package:stats"
## [7] "package:graphics" "package:grDevices" "package:utils"
## [10] "package:datasets" "package:methods" "Autoloads"
## [13] "package:base"v1## [1] 1 2 3# d.f wieder aus dem Namespace nehmen
detach(d.f)
# v1 # erzeugt jetzt einen ErrorDie R-Homepage
R und R-Packages referenzieren:
# citation information on R
citation()##
## To cite R in publications use:
##
## R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical
## computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
## URL https://www.R-project.org/.
##
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
##
## @Manual{,
## title = {R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
## author = {{R Core Team}},
## organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
## address = {Vienna, Austria},
## year = {2020},
## url = {https://www.R-project.org/},
## }
##
## We have invested a lot of time and effort in creating R, please cite it
## when using it for data analysis. See also 'citation("pkgname")' for
## citing R packages.# citation information on package psych
citation("psych")##
## To cite the psych package in publications use:
##
## Revelle, W. (2019) psych: Procedures for Personality and
## Psychological Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois,
## USA, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych Version = 1.9.12.
##
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
##
## @Manual{,
## title = {psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research},
## author = {William Revelle},
## organization = { Northwestern University},
## address = { Evanston, Illinois},
## year = {2019},
## note = {R package version 1.9.12},
## url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych},
## }Quick-R Minimalistische Beispiele zu vielen, verschiedenen Themen: http://www.statmethods.net/
Das R-Cookbook
Sammlung von R-Tutorials http://ww2.coastal.edu/kingw/statistics/R-tutorials
Sammlung R-Tutorials Uni Kiel [http://www.uni-kiel.de/psychologie/rexrepos/]
Baron & Li notes on the use of R for psychology experiments and questionnaires.
Eine Einführung in R (und so einiges mehr) von Christian Treffenstädt r-space